objectification theory
A psychological framework that explains how people may come to see and treat their own bodies as objects, focusing more on how they look than on how they feel.
- defined by Paola D'Elia
O
observational learning
Acquisition of action knowledge by merely observing another person.
- defined by Carina Giesen, Markus Janczyk, David Dignath, Roland Pfister & Birte Moeller
observational learning
Learning “about an action’s consequences by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 257). Also known as "modeling."
- defined by Arash Emamzadeh
ontological categories
basic categories of being or existence which help define entities and types of entities within a certain framework
- defined by Arno van Voorst
openness
one of the Big Five personality factors, characterized at the one extreme by such traits as imagination, curiosity, and creativity, and at the other by shallowness and imperceptiveness
- defined by Silvia Barriga
operant conditioning
A learning process in which the consequences [reward/punishment] of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 240).
- defined by Arash Emamzadeh
Oppression
Oppression is a systemic condition where a group is prevented from developing and using its abilities due to social, political, and economic barriers. It can take different forms, such as exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. Oppression is characterized by the enforcement of norms and values that create inequality and silence the voices and experiences of marginalized communities.
I. M. Young, "City life and difference," in People, Place and Space Reader, pp. 247–251, 1990.
- defined by Erin Biesecker, Fei Bi Chan & Miranda Weathers
ordinal linguistic personification
(OLP) a form of synaesthesia in which numbers, letters, days, months or other ordered sequences are assigned personalities
- defined by Clare Jonas
Synonyms: OLP
organizational citizenship behaviors
prosocial organizational behaviors that are not directly rewarded or part of an employee’s formal job description, but which do contribute to the well-being of the organization
- defined by Jeff Joireman
organized sexual abuse
sexualized, physical, or psychological violence that is planned and carried out by multiple, interconnected perpetrators against multiple victims over a longer period of time.
- defined by Roland Imhoff, Marcel Meuer, Andreas Mokros & Aileen Oeberst
outgroup
refers to a group with which a person does not identify
- defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi
The group we don’t belong to, as opposed to the ingroup that we do belong to. For example, if I am from Northern Ireland and I am a Catholic, my ingroup is Catholics and the corresponding outgroup is Protestants. For each of my ingroups, there are one or more outgroups. For example, for a Muslim ingroup, the outgroups might be Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, atheists, etc.
- defined by Rachel New
Synonyms: out-group
oxytocin
a mammalian hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, which is located near the base of the brain. It is known for stimulating contractions of the uterus during labor and then the production of milk. Recently, studies have confirmed oxytocin’s role in pair bonding and maternal behaviors
- defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin